Scientists Grow Rainbow-Colored Fabric Using Engineered E. coli in the Lab
Scientists have created a colorful new way to produce fabric. Their method uses engineered bacteria to grow and dye textiles in one simple process. As a result, the approach could make clothing production cleaner and more sustainable.
A Fresh Approach to Fabric Production
Traditional textile manufacturing relies on chemical dyes and heavy processing. These steps often require large amounts of energy and water. In addition, they can release greenhouse gases and harmful pollutants.The new technique works differently. Researchers grow cellulose fibers using bacteria and add color-producing microbes during the process. This “one-pot” method lets the bacteria create both the fabric and the dye at the same time.
How Bacteria Create Colorful Fibers
In the study, scientists first boosted cellulose production in a strain of Komagataeibacter xylinus. They then introduced engineered E. coli that produce natural pigments. Violaceins created cool colors like purple, blue, and green. Carotenoids formed warm tones such as red, orange, and yellow.However, the team needed to adjust their method for the warmer colors. The bacteria struggled to make enough dye during fermentation. Therefore, researchers added prepared cellulose to a culture of carotenoid-producing E. coli. This step completed their rainbow set of fabrics.
Cleaner, Stronger, and More Sustainable
This combined process eliminates separate dyeing and washing. As a result, it reduces chemical waste and lowers water use. The dyed cellulose also stayed stable when exposed to heat, washing, and different pH levels.The team notes that more testing is needed. They want to explore long-term durability and scale the method for industry use. They also hope to expand the color range and develop new applications, including biodegradable packaging.
