Physicists Redefine Thermodynamics for the Quantum Age
Thermodynamics has shaped science for centuries. However, its rules become tricky when applied to extremely small quantum systems. Researchers at the University of Basel now offer a clearer method to understand these processes.Their new approach explains how heat and work behave at the microscopic level. As a result, it bridges a long-standing gap between classical physics and quantum mechanics.
Where It All Began
The story of thermodynamics goes back to 1798. Benjamin Thompson, also known as Count Rumford, realized that heat comes from friction rather than a physical substance. His work helped launch a field that powered the Industrial Revolution.Thermodynamics later revealed that energy stays constant in a closed system. It also showed that entropy, or disorder, always increases. These rules remain essential today. However, they are harder to apply to quantum systems where everything behaves differently.
Laser Light and Quantum Confusion
Professor Patrick Potts and his team decided to tackle this challenge. They studied laser light inside a small optical cavity. Laser waves move in sync, which scientists call coherence. However, atoms inside the cavity can disturb this order.This disturbance creates a mix of coherent and incoherent light. Coherent light can do useful work, for example, by charging a quantum battery. Incoherent light acts more like heat. Therefore, the team used this difference to define thermodynamic quantities in a new way.
A Consistent Framework
The researchers found that if they treat only the coherent part as work, the basic laws of thermodynamics hold up. This makes their approach both simple and consistent. In addition, it opens doors to better quantum devices and networks.Their method also helps scientists study how large systems shift from classical to quantum behavior. It may guide future innovations in quantum technology.
